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ELM406SM Datasheet(PDF) 5 Page - ELM Electronics |
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ELM406SM Datasheet(HTML) 5 Page - ELM Electronics |
5 / 9 page 5 of 9 ELM406 ELM406DSA Elm Electronics – Circuits for the Hobbyist www.elmelectronics.com Rotary Encoders A rotary encoder (sometimes referred to as a quadrature encoder) is a device that produces digital (on/off) outputs in response to rotary, or circular, motion. It is often constructed such that it looks very much like a potentiometer, or audio volume control (see the picture of a typical device, at the right). As the encoder shaft is turned, internal contacts open and close, creating two waveforms that are ideally separated in phase by 90 degrees (ie ‘in quadrature’). Actually, you need to provide external ‘pullup’ resistors and a power supply to create these waveforms, as the contacts themselves can not do this. An ideal waveform from a rotary encoder would look like this: Due to the 90 degree phase difference, when one waveform changes, the other is always stable. By noting the direction of the change and the level of the other input at that time, you can determine the direction of motion of the shaft. Rotary encoders are not ideal, however. Due to their construction, and variations in shaft speed, the waveforms are not perfectly square with the 50% duty cycles shown. Figure 2 shows a captured trace from a real rotary encoder that is more representative of what you will typically find. Note that the two ‘scope channels (1 and 2) represent the encoder outputs A and B, respectively. The ch 1 (A) waveform leads the ch 2 (B) waveform, which usually means that the shaft is turning in a clockwise direction. The first rising edge of the channel 2 waveform shows another problem that occurs with moving mechanical contacts - multiple pulses due to bounce. When two contacts meet, the moving one will tend to bounce, like a ball does when it is dropped on the floor. Each bounce results in an electrical connection being made, then broken, which will look like multiple inputs to a fast electronic circuit. Various mechanical means are used to reduce the amount of bounce, but it can never really be eliminated. The following section discusses how the ELM406 uses electronic means to remove the bounce. Figure 2. Actual Rotary Encoder waveform Figure 1. Quadrature Waveforms A B A typical rotary encoder |
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