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RT8009-25PJ5 Datasheet(PDF) 9 Page - Richtek Technology Corporation |
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RT8009-25PJ5 Datasheet(HTML) 9 Page - Richtek Technology Corporation |
9 / 13 page RT8009 9 DS8009-03 March 2007 www.richtek.com Output Voltage Programming The resistive divider allows the VFB pin to sense a fraction of the output voltage as shown in Figure 4. ) R2 R1 (1 V V REF OUT + = where VREF is the internal reference voltage (0.5V typ.) Efficiency Considerations The efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Efficiency can be expressed as : Efficiency = 100% − (L1+ L2+ L3+ ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, two main sources usually account for most of the losses : VIN quiescent current and I2R losses. The VIN quiescent current loss dominates the efficiency loss at very low load currents whereas the I2R loss dominates the efficiency loss at medium to high load currents. In a typical efficiency plot, the efficiency curve at very low load currents can be misleading since the actual power lost is of no consequence. 1. The VIN quiescent current is due to two components : the DC bias current as given in the electrical characteristics and the internal main switch and synchronous switch gate charge currents. The gate charge current results from switching the gate capacitance of the internal power MOSFET switches. Each time the gate is switched from high to low to high again, a packet of charge ΔQ moves from VIN to ground. The resulting ΔQ/Δt is the current out of VIN that is typically larger than the DC bias current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG = f(QT+QB) where QT and QB are the gate charges of the internal top and bottom switches. Both the DC bias and gate charge losses are proportional to VIN and thus their effects will be more pronounced at higher supply voltages. 2. I2R losses are calculated from the resistances of the internal switches, RSW and external inductor RL. In continuous mode the average output current flowing through inductor L is “chopped” between the main switch and the synchronous switch. Thus, the series resistance looking into the LX pin is a function of both top and bottom MOSFET RDS(ON) and the duty cycle (DC) as follows : RSW = RDS(ON)TOP x DC + RDS(ON)BOT x (1 −DC) The RDS(ON) for both the top and bottom MOSFETs can be obtained from the Typical Performance Characteristics For adjustable about voltage mode, the output voltage is set by an external resistive divider according to the following equation : polymer, aluminum electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are all available in surface mount packages. Special polymer capacitors offer very low ESR but have lower capacitance density than other types. Tantalum capacitors have the highest capacitance density but it is important to only use types that have been surge tested for use in switching power supplies. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have significantly higher ESR but can be used in cost-sensitive applications provided that consideration is given to ripple current ratings and long term reliability. Ceramic capacitors have excellent low ESR characteristics but can have a high voltage coefficient and audible piezoelectric effects. The high Q of ceramic capacitors with trace inductance can also lead to significant ringing. Using Ceramic Input and Output Capacitors Higher values, lower cost ceramic capacitors are now becoming available in smaller case sizes. Their high ripple current, high voltage rating and low ESR make them ideal for switching regulator applications. However, care must be taken when these capacitors are used at the input and output. When a ceramic capacitor is used at the input and the power is supplied by a wall adapter through long wires, a load step at the output can induce ringing at the input, VIN. At best, this ringing can couple to the output and be mistaken as loop instability. At worst, a sudden inrush of current through the long wires can potentially cause a voltage spike at VIN large enough to damage the part. Figure 4. Setting the Output Voltage RT8009 GND VFB R1 R2 V OUT |
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