IMAGE SENSOR SOLUTIONS
10
IMAGE SENSOR SOLUTIONS
KAC-1310 R ev 4
•
w w w .ko d ak .co m /g o/image r s
5 85-722 -4385
E m ail: im age r s @ kodak.com
Pixel Architecture
The KAC-1310 sensor comprises a 1280x1024
active pixel array and supports progressive
readout. The basic operation of the pixel relies on
the photoelectric effect where, due to its physical
properties, silicon is able to detect photons of light.
The photons generate electron-hole pairs in direct
proportion to the intensity and wavelength of the
incident illumination.
The application of an
appropriate bias allows the user to collect the
electrons and meter the charge in the form of a
useful parameter such as voltage.
The pixel architecture is based on a “four
transistor” (4T) Advanced CMOS Imager
TM1 pixel
which requires all pixels in a row to have common
Reset, Transfer, and Row Select controls.
In
addition all pixels have common supply (VDD) and
ground (VSS) connections.
This optimized cell
architecture provides enhancements such as
noise reduction, fill factor maximization, and anti-
blooming. The use of pinned photodiodes
2 and
proprietary transfer gate devices in the photo-
elements enables enhanced sensitivity in the
entire visual spectral range and a low lag
operation. The nominal photo-responses of the
KAC-1310 are shown in Figure 14 (monochrome
sensor without microlenses), Figure 15 (Bayer
RGB sensor with microlenses) and Figure 16
(Bayer CMY sensor with microlenses).
1 Advanced CMOS Imager (ACI) is a Kodak trademark
2 Patents held jointly by Kodak and Motorola
In addition to the imaging pixels, there are
additional pixels called dark and isolation pixels at
the periphery of the imaging section (see Figure
3). The dark pixels are covered by a light blocking
shield rendering the pixels underneath insensitive
to photons.
These pixels provide the sensor
means to measure the dark level offset which is
used downstream in the signal processing chain to
perform auto black level calibration. The isolation
pixels are provided at the array’s periphery to
eliminate inexact measurements due to light piping
into the dark pixels adjacent to active pixels and
for extra pixels needed for color interpolation
algorithms. Electronic shuttering, also known as
electronic exposure timing in photographic terms,
is a standard feature. The pixel integration time
can be widely varied from a small fraction of a
given frame readout time to the entire frame time.
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